Climate for Pc

1. Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral.

2. It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time.

3. The Thornthwaite system, in use since 1948, incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it.

4. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region.

5. The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region.

6. A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.

7. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.

8. Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time.

9. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents.

10. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation.

11. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.

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